1 00:00:16,840 --> 00:00:19,440 nasa the national aeronautics and space 2 00:00:19,440 --> 00:00:19,450 nasa the national aeronautics and space 3 00:00:19,450 --> 00:00:22,710 nasa the national aeronautics and space administration presents aeronautics and 4 00:00:22,710 --> 00:00:22,720 administration presents aeronautics and 5 00:00:22,720 --> 00:00:32,819 administration presents aeronautics and space report 6 00:00:32,819 --> 00:00:32,829 7 00:00:32,829 --> 00:00:36,130 march seven scientists took a good look 8 00:00:36,130 --> 00:00:36,140 march seven scientists took a good look 9 00:00:36,140 --> 00:00:39,009 march seven scientists took a good look at the Sun the occasion a total solar 10 00:00:39,009 --> 00:00:39,019 at the Sun the occasion a total solar 11 00:00:39,019 --> 00:00:41,830 at the Sun the occasion a total solar eclipse an event of such magnitude will 12 00:00:41,830 --> 00:00:41,840 eclipse an event of such magnitude will 13 00:00:41,840 --> 00:00:46,479 eclipse an event of such magnitude will not occur again until 2024 54 years from 14 00:00:46,479 --> 00:00:46,489 not occur again until 2024 54 years from 15 00:00:46,489 --> 00:00:50,530 not occur again until 2024 54 years from now another Tyros operational weather 16 00:00:50,530 --> 00:00:50,540 now another Tyros operational weather 17 00:00:50,540 --> 00:00:53,469 now another Tyros operational weather satellite was launched in 1970 it's 18 00:00:53,469 --> 00:00:53,479 satellite was launched in 1970 it's 19 00:00:53,479 --> 00:00:55,060 satellite was launched in 1970 it's looking at the Earth's cloud cover and 20 00:00:55,060 --> 00:00:55,070 looking at the Earth's cloud cover and 21 00:00:55,070 --> 00:00:57,990 looking at the Earth's cloud cover and returns daily weather information 22 00:00:57,990 --> 00:00:58,000 returns daily weather information 23 00:00:58,000 --> 00:01:01,509 returns daily weather information orbited also Nimbus an advanced weather 24 00:01:01,509 --> 00:01:01,519 orbited also Nimbus an advanced weather 25 00:01:01,519 --> 00:01:04,899 orbited also Nimbus an advanced weather researcher to communication satellites 26 00:01:04,899 --> 00:01:04,909 researcher to communication satellites 27 00:01:04,909 --> 00:01:06,969 researcher to communication satellites were successfully launched as part of a 28 00:01:06,969 --> 00:01:06,979 were successfully launched as part of a 29 00:01:06,979 --> 00:01:13,030 were successfully launched as part of a global communication satellite system in 30 00:01:13,030 --> 00:01:13,040 global communication satellite system in 31 00:01:13,040 --> 00:01:15,520 global communication satellite system in aeronautics NASA continued its research 32 00:01:15,520 --> 00:01:15,530 aeronautics NASA continued its research 33 00:01:15,530 --> 00:01:17,980 aeronautics NASA continued its research in wake turbulence these smoked our 34 00:01:17,980 --> 00:01:17,990 in wake turbulence these smoked our 35 00:01:17,990 --> 00:01:20,260 in wake turbulence these smoked our tests show how tornado-like patterns of 36 00:01:20,260 --> 00:01:20,270 tests show how tornado-like patterns of 37 00:01:20,270 --> 00:01:22,450 tests show how tornado-like patterns of air are churned up as a large plane 38 00:01:22,450 --> 00:01:22,460 air are churned up as a large plane 39 00:01:22,460 --> 00:01:25,390 air are churned up as a large plane passes by causing potential hazards for 40 00:01:25,390 --> 00:01:25,400 passes by causing potential hazards for 41 00:01:25,400 --> 00:01:29,230 passes by causing potential hazards for lighter aircraft nasa's earth resources 42 00:01:29,230 --> 00:01:29,240 lighter aircraft nasa's earth resources 43 00:01:29,240 --> 00:01:31,630 lighter aircraft nasa's earth resources planes made high-altitude pictures of 44 00:01:31,630 --> 00:01:31,640 planes made high-altitude pictures of 45 00:01:31,640 --> 00:01:34,270 planes made high-altitude pictures of peru's devastating earthquake pictures 46 00:01:34,270 --> 00:01:34,280 peru's devastating earthquake pictures 47 00:01:34,280 --> 00:01:35,440 peru's devastating earthquake pictures that will contribute to the remote 48 00:01:35,440 --> 00:01:35,450 that will contribute to the remote 49 00:01:35,450 --> 00:01:40,059 that will contribute to the remote sensing of future natural disasters they 50 00:01:40,059 --> 00:01:40,069 sensing of future natural disasters they 51 00:01:40,069 --> 00:01:41,499 sensing of future natural disasters they also made temperature and color 52 00:01:41,499 --> 00:01:41,509 also made temperature and color 53 00:01:41,509 --> 00:01:43,059 also made temperature and color measurements over the tuner rich fishing 54 00:01:43,059 --> 00:01:43,069 measurements over the tuner rich fishing 55 00:01:43,069 --> 00:01:45,429 measurements over the tuner rich fishing grounds near oregon an effort to assist 56 00:01:45,429 --> 00:01:45,439 grounds near oregon an effort to assist 57 00:01:45,439 --> 00:01:47,770 grounds near oregon an effort to assist pacific coast fishing plates to increase 58 00:01:47,770 --> 00:01:47,780 pacific coast fishing plates to increase 59 00:01:47,780 --> 00:01:50,559 pacific coast fishing plates to increase their catch while enroute to the moon 60 00:01:50,559 --> 00:01:50,569 their catch while enroute to the moon 61 00:01:50,569 --> 00:01:53,169 their catch while enroute to the moon the third manned lunar landing attempt 62 00:01:53,169 --> 00:01:53,179 the third manned lunar landing attempt 63 00:01:53,179 --> 00:01:54,910 the third manned lunar landing attempt was cancelled when an oxygen tank 64 00:01:54,910 --> 00:01:54,920 was cancelled when an oxygen tank 65 00:01:54,920 --> 00:01:57,459 was cancelled when an oxygen tank ruptured the Apollo 13 astronauts 66 00:01:57,459 --> 00:01:57,469 ruptured the Apollo 13 astronauts 67 00:01:57,469 --> 00:02:00,010 ruptured the Apollo 13 astronauts Louisville haze and swaggered were then 68 00:02:00,010 --> 00:02:00,020 Louisville haze and swaggered were then 69 00:02:00,020 --> 00:02:01,929 Louisville haze and swaggered were then safely recovered from the Pacific Ocean 70 00:02:01,929 --> 00:02:01,939 safely recovered from the Pacific Ocean 71 00:02:01,939 --> 00:02:06,460 safely recovered from the Pacific Ocean on April seventeenth 72 00:02:06,460 --> 00:02:06,470 73 00:02:06,470 --> 00:02:09,850 at 3pm September 30th the last of the 74 00:02:09,850 --> 00:02:09,860 at 3pm September 30th the last of the 75 00:02:09,860 --> 00:02:11,980 at 3pm September 30th the last of the huge first stage engines that lift the 76 00:02:11,980 --> 00:02:11,990 huge first stage engines that lift the 77 00:02:11,990 --> 00:02:13,900 huge first stage engines that lift the Saturn 5 moon rockets off the launch pad 78 00:02:13,900 --> 00:02:13,910 Saturn 5 moon rockets off the launch pad 79 00:02:13,910 --> 00:02:18,280 Saturn 5 moon rockets off the launch pad were successfully test-fired trying out 80 00:02:18,280 --> 00:02:18,290 were successfully test-fired trying out 81 00:02:18,290 --> 00:02:20,520 were successfully test-fired trying out life support systems for long-duration 82 00:02:20,520 --> 00:02:20,530 life support systems for long-duration 83 00:02:20,530 --> 00:02:23,230 life support systems for long-duration spaceflights of the future for college 84 00:02:23,230 --> 00:02:23,240 spaceflights of the future for college 85 00:02:23,240 --> 00:02:25,600 spaceflights of the future for college students from California spent 90 days 86 00:02:25,600 --> 00:02:25,610 students from California spent 90 days 87 00:02:25,610 --> 00:02:28,060 students from California spent 90 days confined in a space station simulator 88 00:02:28,060 --> 00:02:28,070 confined in a space station simulator 89 00:02:28,070 --> 00:02:30,880 confined in a space station simulator the crew drank water and breathe oxygen 90 00:02:30,880 --> 00:02:30,890 the crew drank water and breathe oxygen 91 00:02:30,890 --> 00:02:32,770 the crew drank water and breathe oxygen reclaimed from their body wastes and 92 00:02:32,770 --> 00:02:32,780 reclaimed from their body wastes and 93 00:02:32,780 --> 00:02:35,050 reclaimed from their body wastes and emerged after their confinement showing 94 00:02:35,050 --> 00:02:35,060 emerged after their confinement showing 95 00:02:35,060 --> 00:02:37,880 emerged after their confinement showing no apparent ill effects 96 00:02:37,880 --> 00:02:37,890 no apparent ill effects 97 00:02:37,890 --> 00:02:41,369 no apparent ill effects beginning october 18 soviet cosmonauts 98 00:02:41,369 --> 00:02:41,379 beginning october 18 soviet cosmonauts 99 00:02:41,379 --> 00:02:43,830 beginning october 18 soviet cosmonauts andreia Nikolaev and vitaly sebastian 100 00:02:43,830 --> 00:02:43,840 andreia Nikolaev and vitaly sebastian 101 00:02:43,840 --> 00:02:46,350 andreia Nikolaev and vitaly sebastian off toward the US and several NASA field 102 00:02:46,350 --> 00:02:46,360 off toward the US and several NASA field 103 00:02:46,360 --> 00:02:48,690 off toward the US and several NASA field centers during that same month the 104 00:02:48,690 --> 00:02:48,700 centers during that same month the 105 00:02:48,700 --> 00:02:50,309 centers during that same month the United States and the Soviet Union 106 00:02:50,309 --> 00:02:50,319 United States and the Soviet Union 107 00:02:50,319 --> 00:02:52,920 United States and the Soviet Union agreed to study ways that American and 108 00:02:52,920 --> 00:02:52,930 agreed to study ways that American and 109 00:02:52,930 --> 00:02:54,839 agreed to study ways that American and Russian space ships could meet and join 110 00:02:54,839 --> 00:02:54,849 Russian space ships could meet and join 111 00:02:54,849 --> 00:02:59,280 Russian space ships could meet and join in space 1970 was the year of lunar 112 00:02:59,280 --> 00:02:59,290 in space 1970 was the year of lunar 113 00:02:59,290 --> 00:03:01,619 in space 1970 was the year of lunar research now for the first time a 114 00:03:01,619 --> 00:03:01,629 research now for the first time a 115 00:03:01,629 --> 00:03:03,530 research now for the first time a special report on what we've learned 116 00:03:03,530 --> 00:03:03,540 special report on what we've learned 117 00:03:03,540 --> 00:03:06,390 special report on what we've learned reporter Sally Ann Haynes reviews the 118 00:03:06,390 --> 00:03:06,400 reporter Sally Ann Haynes reviews the 119 00:03:06,400 --> 00:03:15,259 reporter Sally Ann Haynes reviews the moon owned and new from Galileo to 1971 120 00:03:15,259 --> 00:03:15,269 121 00:03:15,269 --> 00:03:18,750 for more than 20 centuries the moon has 122 00:03:18,750 --> 00:03:18,760 for more than 20 centuries the moon has 123 00:03:18,760 --> 00:03:20,819 for more than 20 centuries the moon has been studied and investigated by skills 124 00:03:20,819 --> 00:03:20,829 been studied and investigated by skills 125 00:03:20,829 --> 00:03:23,460 been studied and investigated by skills and ingenious men they have come to 126 00:03:23,460 --> 00:03:23,470 and ingenious men they have come to 127 00:03:23,470 --> 00:03:25,289 and ingenious men they have come to realize that in comparing the moon with 128 00:03:25,289 --> 00:03:25,299 realize that in comparing the moon with 129 00:03:25,299 --> 00:03:27,660 realize that in comparing the moon with you we can learn more about the history 130 00:03:27,660 --> 00:03:27,670 you we can learn more about the history 131 00:03:27,670 --> 00:03:30,750 you we can learn more about the history of both and ultimately more about the 132 00:03:30,750 --> 00:03:30,760 of both and ultimately more about the 133 00:03:30,760 --> 00:03:32,330 of both and ultimately more about the history of the solar system as a whole 134 00:03:32,330 --> 00:03:32,340 history of the solar system as a whole 135 00:03:32,340 --> 00:03:35,369 history of the solar system as a whole in the process we would gain a new 136 00:03:35,369 --> 00:03:35,379 in the process we would gain a new 137 00:03:35,379 --> 00:03:37,440 in the process we would gain a new perspective about our own place and role 138 00:03:37,440 --> 00:03:37,450 perspective about our own place and role 139 00:03:37,450 --> 00:03:46,360 perspective about our own place and role on our small blue planet 140 00:03:46,360 --> 00:03:46,370 141 00:03:46,370 --> 00:03:48,670 before mound Apollo flights to the moon 142 00:03:48,670 --> 00:03:48,680 before mound Apollo flights to the moon 143 00:03:48,680 --> 00:03:51,180 before mound Apollo flights to the moon we could only study it remotely 144 00:03:51,180 --> 00:03:51,190 we could only study it remotely 145 00:03:51,190 --> 00:03:53,589 we could only study it remotely primarily by way of instruments such as 146 00:03:53,589 --> 00:03:53,599 primarily by way of instruments such as 147 00:03:53,599 --> 00:03:59,320 primarily by way of instruments such as the telescope and recently in history by 148 00:03:59,320 --> 00:03:59,330 the telescope and recently in history by 149 00:03:59,330 --> 00:04:08,440 the telescope and recently in history by way of automated spacecraft early in the 150 00:04:08,440 --> 00:04:08,450 way of automated spacecraft early in the 151 00:04:08,450 --> 00:04:11,170 way of automated spacecraft early in the seventeenth century Galileo Galilei 152 00:04:11,170 --> 00:04:11,180 seventeenth century Galileo Galilei 153 00:04:11,180 --> 00:04:13,180 seventeenth century Galileo Galilei became the first of the great scientists 154 00:04:13,180 --> 00:04:13,190 became the first of the great scientists 155 00:04:13,190 --> 00:04:15,430 became the first of the great scientists to use the telescope a quite novel 156 00:04:15,430 --> 00:04:15,440 to use the telescope a quite novel 157 00:04:15,440 --> 00:04:17,949 to use the telescope a quite novel instrument at the time to study the moon 158 00:04:17,949 --> 00:04:17,959 instrument at the time to study the moon 159 00:04:17,959 --> 00:04:23,020 instrument at the time to study the moon I feel sure that the surface of the Moon 160 00:04:23,020 --> 00:04:23,030 I feel sure that the surface of the Moon 161 00:04:23,030 --> 00:04:25,689 I feel sure that the surface of the Moon is not perfectly smooth free from any 162 00:04:25,689 --> 00:04:25,699 is not perfectly smooth free from any 163 00:04:25,699 --> 00:04:28,600 is not perfectly smooth free from any qualities and exactly spherical has a 164 00:04:28,600 --> 00:04:28,610 qualities and exactly spherical has a 165 00:04:28,610 --> 00:04:31,170 qualities and exactly spherical has a large school of philosophers considers 166 00:04:31,170 --> 00:04:31,180 large school of philosophers considers 167 00:04:31,180 --> 00:04:34,330 large school of philosophers considers on the contrary it is full of 168 00:04:34,330 --> 00:04:34,340 on the contrary it is full of 169 00:04:34,340 --> 00:04:37,480 on the contrary it is full of inequalities uneven full of hollows and 170 00:04:37,480 --> 00:04:37,490 inequalities uneven full of hollows and 171 00:04:37,490 --> 00:04:40,420 inequalities uneven full of hollows and protuberances just like the surface of 172 00:04:40,420 --> 00:04:40,430 protuberances just like the surface of 173 00:04:40,430 --> 00:04:43,810 protuberances just like the surface of the earth itself his discoveries helped 174 00:04:43,810 --> 00:04:43,820 the earth itself his discoveries helped 175 00:04:43,820 --> 00:04:45,850 the earth itself his discoveries helped overturn andro Gnaeus beliefs popularly 176 00:04:45,850 --> 00:04:45,860 overturn andro Gnaeus beliefs popularly 177 00:04:45,860 --> 00:04:49,029 overturn andro Gnaeus beliefs popularly held and taught for 14th century and lay 178 00:04:49,029 --> 00:04:49,039 held and taught for 14th century and lay 179 00:04:49,039 --> 00:04:53,430 held and taught for 14th century and lay the foundation for modern lunar science 180 00:04:53,430 --> 00:04:53,440 181 00:04:53,440 --> 00:04:55,930 Galileo would be followed by a stream of 182 00:04:55,930 --> 00:04:55,940 Galileo would be followed by a stream of 183 00:04:55,940 --> 00:04:58,060 Galileo would be followed by a stream of other scientists and a mass of new 184 00:04:58,060 --> 00:04:58,070 other scientists and a mass of new 185 00:04:58,070 --> 00:05:00,730 other scientists and a mass of new information and knowledge the centuries 186 00:05:00,730 --> 00:05:00,740 information and knowledge the centuries 187 00:05:00,740 --> 00:05:02,680 information and knowledge the centuries of investigations produced a great deal 188 00:05:02,680 --> 00:05:02,690 of investigations produced a great deal 189 00:05:02,690 --> 00:05:07,190 of investigations produced a great deal of information about the moon 190 00:05:07,190 --> 00:05:07,200 191 00:05:07,200 --> 00:05:10,590 for instance the moon orbiting once 192 00:05:10,590 --> 00:05:10,600 for instance the moon orbiting once 193 00:05:10,600 --> 00:05:13,140 for instance the moon orbiting once about every four weeks always keeping 194 00:05:13,140 --> 00:05:13,150 about every four weeks always keeping 195 00:05:13,150 --> 00:05:15,720 about every four weeks always keeping the same face toward Earth is far larger 196 00:05:15,720 --> 00:05:15,730 the same face toward Earth is far larger 197 00:05:15,730 --> 00:05:17,490 the same face toward Earth is far larger in more distance compared with its 198 00:05:17,490 --> 00:05:17,500 in more distance compared with its 199 00:05:17,500 --> 00:05:19,350 in more distance compared with its planet then are any of the other moons 200 00:05:19,350 --> 00:05:19,360 planet then are any of the other moons 201 00:05:19,360 --> 00:05:21,060 planet then are any of the other moons of our solar system compared with their 202 00:05:21,060 --> 00:05:21,070 of our solar system compared with their 203 00:05:21,070 --> 00:05:23,880 of our solar system compared with their plants in fact the moon is often 204 00:05:23,880 --> 00:05:23,890 plants in fact the moon is often 205 00:05:23,890 --> 00:05:26,390 plants in fact the moon is often considered a planet in its own right 206 00:05:26,390 --> 00:05:26,400 considered a planet in its own right 207 00:05:26,400 --> 00:05:29,310 considered a planet in its own right further some scientists believe that the 208 00:05:29,310 --> 00:05:29,320 further some scientists believe that the 209 00:05:29,320 --> 00:05:31,170 further some scientists believe that the moon is gradually pulling away from the 210 00:05:31,170 --> 00:05:31,180 moon is gradually pulling away from the 211 00:05:31,180 --> 00:05:33,690 moon is gradually pulling away from the earth which in turn is gradually 212 00:05:33,690 --> 00:05:33,700 earth which in turn is gradually 213 00:05:33,700 --> 00:05:36,530 earth which in turn is gradually revolving slower and slower on its axis 214 00:05:36,530 --> 00:05:36,540 revolving slower and slower on its axis 215 00:05:36,540 --> 00:05:39,060 revolving slower and slower on its axis there is at least some evidence that the 216 00:05:39,060 --> 00:05:39,070 there is at least some evidence that the 217 00:05:39,070 --> 00:05:40,700 there is at least some evidence that the moon was much nearer earth in the past 218 00:05:40,700 --> 00:05:40,710 moon was much nearer earth in the past 219 00:05:40,710 --> 00:05:43,470 moon was much nearer earth in the past although no one knows just how near it 220 00:05:43,470 --> 00:05:43,480 although no one knows just how near it 221 00:05:43,480 --> 00:05:48,600 although no one knows just how near it might have been 222 00:05:48,600 --> 00:05:48,610 223 00:05:48,610 --> 00:05:51,279 the surface of the Moon has actually 224 00:05:51,279 --> 00:05:51,289 the surface of the Moon has actually 225 00:05:51,289 --> 00:05:53,739 the surface of the Moon has actually been described as a cosmic battlefield a 226 00:05:53,739 --> 00:05:53,749 been described as a cosmic battlefield a 227 00:05:53,749 --> 00:05:57,219 been described as a cosmic battlefield a place terribly hostile to life it is 228 00:05:57,219 --> 00:05:57,229 place terribly hostile to life it is 229 00:05:57,229 --> 00:05:59,320 place terribly hostile to life it is alternately baked and frozen in 230 00:05:59,320 --> 00:05:59,330 alternately baked and frozen in 231 00:05:59,330 --> 00:06:01,959 alternately baked and frozen in temperatures ranging from some 250 232 00:06:01,959 --> 00:06:01,969 temperatures ranging from some 250 233 00:06:01,969 --> 00:06:04,239 temperatures ranging from some 250 degrees fahrenheit above zero for some 234 00:06:04,239 --> 00:06:04,249 degrees fahrenheit above zero for some 235 00:06:04,249 --> 00:06:07,450 degrees fahrenheit above zero for some 250 degrees below zero and it is seared 236 00:06:07,450 --> 00:06:07,460 250 degrees below zero and it is seared 237 00:06:07,460 --> 00:06:11,200 250 degrees below zero and it is seared by radiation in some 238 00:06:11,200 --> 00:06:11,210 239 00:06:11,210 --> 00:06:14,020 as a whole the surface of the Moon may 240 00:06:14,020 --> 00:06:14,030 as a whole the surface of the Moon may 241 00:06:14,030 --> 00:06:15,550 as a whole the surface of the Moon may be divided into the heavily cratered 242 00:06:15,550 --> 00:06:15,560 be divided into the heavily cratered 243 00:06:15,560 --> 00:06:18,010 be divided into the heavily cratered Highlands which Galileo called the 244 00:06:18,010 --> 00:06:18,020 Highlands which Galileo called the 245 00:06:18,020 --> 00:06:20,740 Highlands which Galileo called the brighter pots and the Mario which 246 00:06:20,740 --> 00:06:20,750 brighter pots and the Mario which 247 00:06:20,750 --> 00:06:25,779 brighter pots and the Mario which Galileo called the doctor pots the 248 00:06:25,779 --> 00:06:25,789 Galileo called the doctor pots the 249 00:06:25,789 --> 00:06:28,450 Galileo called the doctor pots the Highlands are far more rubbin having 20 250 00:06:28,450 --> 00:06:28,460 Highlands are far more rubbin having 20 251 00:06:28,460 --> 00:06:32,879 Highlands are far more rubbin having 20 to 30 times more craters in the Mario 252 00:06:32,879 --> 00:06:32,889 253 00:06:32,889 --> 00:06:35,710 this means that the formation of craters 254 00:06:35,710 --> 00:06:35,720 this means that the formation of craters 255 00:06:35,720 --> 00:06:37,749 this means that the formation of craters has slowed drastically by the time the 256 00:06:37,749 --> 00:06:37,759 has slowed drastically by the time the 257 00:06:37,759 --> 00:06:43,499 has slowed drastically by the time the Mario basins were filled 258 00:06:43,499 --> 00:06:43,509 259 00:06:43,509 --> 00:06:46,570 in essence the highlands were formed 260 00:06:46,570 --> 00:06:46,580 in essence the highlands were formed 261 00:06:46,580 --> 00:06:48,670 in essence the highlands were formed when the moon was a growing dynamic body 262 00:06:48,670 --> 00:06:48,680 when the moon was a growing dynamic body 263 00:06:48,680 --> 00:06:51,549 when the moon was a growing dynamic body the maurya when the moon was far less 264 00:06:51,549 --> 00:06:51,559 the maurya when the moon was far less 265 00:06:51,559 --> 00:06:57,549 the maurya when the moon was far less active in contrast with the moon's face 266 00:06:57,549 --> 00:06:57,559 active in contrast with the moon's face 267 00:06:57,559 --> 00:07:00,279 active in contrast with the moon's face the far side is almost totally covered 268 00:07:00,279 --> 00:07:00,289 the far side is almost totally covered 269 00:07:00,289 --> 00:07:02,529 the far side is almost totally covered with Highlands there simply are none of 270 00:07:02,529 --> 00:07:02,539 with Highlands there simply are none of 271 00:07:02,539 --> 00:07:07,239 with Highlands there simply are none of the great Mario telescopes and automated 272 00:07:07,239 --> 00:07:07,249 the great Mario telescopes and automated 273 00:07:07,249 --> 00:07:09,339 the great Mario telescopes and automated satellites brought us close up looks at 274 00:07:09,339 --> 00:07:09,349 satellites brought us close up looks at 275 00:07:09,349 --> 00:07:12,279 satellites brought us close up looks at many individual features for instance in 276 00:07:12,279 --> 00:07:12,289 many individual features for instance in 277 00:07:12,289 --> 00:07:15,549 many individual features for instance in the highlands craters which look much 278 00:07:15,549 --> 00:07:15,559 the highlands craters which look much 279 00:07:15,559 --> 00:07:21,999 the highlands craters which look much like certain volcanoes on Earth other 280 00:07:21,999 --> 00:07:22,009 like certain volcanoes on Earth other 281 00:07:22,009 --> 00:07:24,360 like certain volcanoes on Earth other craters which look like impact sites 282 00:07:24,360 --> 00:07:24,370 craters which look like impact sites 283 00:07:24,370 --> 00:07:26,409 craters which look like impact sites sometimes with streaks of debris 284 00:07:26,409 --> 00:07:26,419 sometimes with streaks of debris 285 00:07:26,419 --> 00:07:28,389 sometimes with streaks of debris radiating hundreds of miles away from 286 00:07:28,389 --> 00:07:28,399 radiating hundreds of miles away from 287 00:07:28,399 --> 00:07:32,739 radiating hundreds of miles away from their centres mountain ranges which 288 00:07:32,739 --> 00:07:32,749 their centres mountain ranges which 289 00:07:32,749 --> 00:07:34,570 their centres mountain ranges which tower thousands of feet above the 290 00:07:34,570 --> 00:07:34,580 tower thousands of feet above the 291 00:07:34,580 --> 00:07:38,850 tower thousands of feet above the surrounding Plains 292 00:07:38,850 --> 00:07:38,860 293 00:07:38,860 --> 00:07:42,840 symmetrical Hills known as domes 294 00:07:42,840 --> 00:07:42,850 symmetrical Hills known as domes 295 00:07:42,850 --> 00:07:46,090 symmetrical Hills known as domes apparent red glows first seen in the 296 00:07:46,090 --> 00:07:46,100 apparent red glows first seen in the 297 00:07:46,100 --> 00:07:52,000 apparent red glows first seen in the 1950s where the Highlands and Marya meet 298 00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:52,010 1950s where the Highlands and Marya meet 299 00:07:52,010 --> 00:07:54,100 1950s where the Highlands and Marya meet there are features which look much like 300 00:07:54,100 --> 00:07:54,110 there are features which look much like 301 00:07:54,110 --> 00:07:55,900 there are features which look much like ocean waves approaching a rugged 302 00:07:55,900 --> 00:07:55,910 ocean waves approaching a rugged 303 00:07:55,910 --> 00:08:00,700 ocean waves approaching a rugged shoreline the maurya basins are 304 00:08:00,700 --> 00:08:00,710 shoreline the maurya basins are 305 00:08:00,710 --> 00:08:03,730 shoreline the maurya basins are comparatively smooth and flat like into 306 00:08:03,730 --> 00:08:03,740 comparatively smooth and flat like into 307 00:08:03,740 --> 00:08:06,159 comparatively smooth and flat like into a frozen seen by the first men to orbit 308 00:08:06,159 --> 00:08:06,169 a frozen seen by the first men to orbit 309 00:08:06,169 --> 00:08:08,770 a frozen seen by the first men to orbit the moon and they are marked by 310 00:08:08,770 --> 00:08:08,780 the moon and they are marked by 311 00:08:08,780 --> 00:08:11,380 the moon and they are marked by so-called wrinkle ridges which have the 312 00:08:11,380 --> 00:08:11,390 so-called wrinkle ridges which have the 313 00:08:11,390 --> 00:08:17,409 so-called wrinkle ridges which have the appearance of frozen waves phantom 314 00:08:17,409 --> 00:08:17,419 appearance of frozen waves phantom 315 00:08:17,419 --> 00:08:20,290 appearance of frozen waves phantom craters evidently real craters virtually 316 00:08:20,290 --> 00:08:20,300 craters evidently real craters virtually 317 00:08:20,300 --> 00:08:25,540 craters evidently real craters virtually inundated by Mario materials then there 318 00:08:25,540 --> 00:08:25,550 inundated by Mario materials then there 319 00:08:25,550 --> 00:08:27,790 inundated by Mario materials then there are valleys which wander for hundreds of 320 00:08:27,790 --> 00:08:27,800 are valleys which wander for hundreds of 321 00:08:27,800 --> 00:08:32,000 are valleys which wander for hundreds of miles across the surface 322 00:08:32,000 --> 00:08:32,010 323 00:08:32,010 --> 00:08:34,880 great fractures or thoughts which may 324 00:08:34,880 --> 00:08:34,890 great fractures or thoughts which may 325 00:08:34,890 --> 00:08:36,530 great fractures or thoughts which may slice across the moon's face for a 326 00:08:36,530 --> 00:08:36,540 slice across the moon's face for a 327 00:08:36,540 --> 00:08:41,330 slice across the moon's face for a hundred miles there are the newly 328 00:08:41,330 --> 00:08:41,340 hundred miles there are the newly 329 00:08:41,340 --> 00:08:44,120 hundred miles there are the newly discovered mass concentrations or mass 330 00:08:44,120 --> 00:08:44,130 discovered mass concentrations or mass 331 00:08:44,130 --> 00:08:46,970 discovered mass concentrations or mass cones buried beneath the circular Marya 332 00:08:46,970 --> 00:08:46,980 cones buried beneath the circular Marya 333 00:08:46,980 --> 00:08:49,340 cones buried beneath the circular Marya and their gravitational attraction 334 00:08:49,340 --> 00:08:49,350 and their gravitational attraction 335 00:08:49,350 --> 00:08:51,350 and their gravitational attraction actually distorts the flight path of 336 00:08:51,350 --> 00:08:51,360 actually distorts the flight path of 337 00:08:51,360 --> 00:08:56,250 actually distorts the flight path of space vehicles circling the moon 338 00:08:56,250 --> 00:08:56,260 339 00:08:56,260 --> 00:08:59,040 from surveyor spacecraft there was even 340 00:08:59,040 --> 00:08:59,050 from surveyor spacecraft there was even 341 00:08:59,050 --> 00:09:01,110 from surveyor spacecraft there was even some knowledge of the nature of the soil 342 00:09:01,110 --> 00:09:01,120 some knowledge of the nature of the soil 343 00:09:01,120 --> 00:09:09,540 some knowledge of the nature of the soil and the chemistry of materials yet for 344 00:09:09,540 --> 00:09:09,550 and the chemistry of materials yet for 345 00:09:09,550 --> 00:09:11,970 and the chemistry of materials yet for all we had learned for all we had 346 00:09:11,970 --> 00:09:11,980 all we had learned for all we had 347 00:09:11,980 --> 00:09:14,640 all we had learned for all we had discovered even with unmanned space 348 00:09:14,640 --> 00:09:14,650 discovered even with unmanned space 349 00:09:14,650 --> 00:09:16,770 discovered even with unmanned space vehicles which landed on the surface and 350 00:09:16,770 --> 00:09:16,780 vehicles which landed on the surface and 351 00:09:16,780 --> 00:09:19,350 vehicles which landed on the surface and manned apollo vehicles which orbited 352 00:09:19,350 --> 00:09:19,360 manned apollo vehicles which orbited 353 00:09:19,360 --> 00:09:22,080 manned apollo vehicles which orbited above the surface the moon still somehow 354 00:09:22,080 --> 00:09:22,090 above the surface the moon still somehow 355 00:09:22,090 --> 00:09:25,710 above the surface the moon still somehow seemed remote and inaccessible until 356 00:09:25,710 --> 00:09:25,720 seemed remote and inaccessible until 357 00:09:25,720 --> 00:09:35,210 seemed remote and inaccessible until that day in july 1969 forward toward 358 00:09:35,210 --> 00:09:35,220 359 00:09:35,220 --> 00:09:38,840 putting feet down two and a half 360 00:09:38,840 --> 00:09:38,850 putting feet down two and a half 361 00:09:38,850 --> 00:09:42,079 putting feet down two and a half three feet two and a half down make that 362 00:09:42,079 --> 00:09:42,089 three feet two and a half down make that 363 00:09:42,089 --> 00:09:46,460 three feet two and a half down make that 0 for forward forward ripped into the 364 00:09:46,460 --> 00:09:46,470 0 for forward forward ripped into the 365 00:09:46,470 --> 00:09:50,240 0 for forward forward ripped into the right little ok and a half 30 second 366 00:09:50,240 --> 00:09:50,250 right little ok and a half 30 second 367 00:09:50,250 --> 00:09:57,129 right little ok and a half 30 second over just picking up some dust 368 00:09:57,129 --> 00:09:57,139 369 00:09:57,139 --> 00:10:04,519 at the saddle up there I'm back right 370 00:10:04,519 --> 00:10:04,529 371 00:10:04,529 --> 00:10:08,470 okay engine stop we copy you down eagle 372 00:10:08,470 --> 00:10:08,480 okay engine stop we copy you down eagle 373 00:10:08,480 --> 00:10:12,679 okay engine stop we copy you down eagle Griffin and gaudy babe here Hinkle air 374 00:10:12,679 --> 00:10:12,689 Griffin and gaudy babe here Hinkle air 375 00:10:12,689 --> 00:10:16,850 Griffin and gaudy babe here Hinkle air planted in a sense from this moment on 376 00:10:16,850 --> 00:10:16,860 planted in a sense from this moment on 377 00:10:16,860 --> 00:10:19,220 planted in a sense from this moment on the old moon that had once been the 378 00:10:19,220 --> 00:10:19,230 the old moon that had once been the 379 00:10:19,230 --> 00:10:21,889 the old moon that had once been the stuff of impossible dreams completely 380 00:10:21,889 --> 00:10:21,899 stuff of impossible dreams completely 381 00:10:21,899 --> 00:10:25,249 stuff of impossible dreams completely disappeared and the news of mountains 382 00:10:25,249 --> 00:10:25,259 disappeared and the news of mountains 383 00:10:25,259 --> 00:10:27,410 disappeared and the news of mountains and valleys and stoned earth and 384 00:10:27,410 --> 00:10:27,420 and valleys and stoned earth and 385 00:10:27,420 --> 00:10:32,210 and valleys and stoned earth and possible dreams took its place I will 386 00:10:32,210 --> 00:10:32,220 possible dreams took its place I will 387 00:10:32,220 --> 00:10:35,600 possible dreams took its place I will get to the details of what's around here 388 00:10:35,600 --> 00:10:35,610 get to the details of what's around here 389 00:10:35,610 --> 00:10:38,269 get to the details of what's around here but it looks like a collection of just 390 00:10:38,269 --> 00:10:38,279 but it looks like a collection of just 391 00:10:38,279 --> 00:10:42,579 but it looks like a collection of just about every variety of shape angularity 392 00:10:42,579 --> 00:10:42,589 about every variety of shape angularity 393 00:10:42,589 --> 00:10:45,889 about every variety of shape angularity granularity but every variety of rock 394 00:10:45,889 --> 00:10:45,899 granularity but every variety of rock 395 00:10:45,899 --> 00:10:49,879 granularity but every variety of rock you could find fairly large number of 396 00:10:49,879 --> 00:10:49,889 you could find fairly large number of 397 00:10:49,889 --> 00:10:54,259 you could find fairly large number of craters of the five to fifty foot 398 00:10:54,259 --> 00:10:54,269 craters of the five to fifty foot 399 00:10:54,269 --> 00:10:59,449 craters of the five to fifty foot variety and some reaches the small 2030 400 00:10:59,449 --> 00:10:59,459 variety and some reaches the small 2030 401 00:10:59,459 --> 00:11:02,780 variety and some reaches the small 2030 feet I i would guess and literally 402 00:11:02,780 --> 00:11:02,790 feet I i would guess and literally 403 00:11:02,790 --> 00:11:05,739 feet I i would guess and literally thousands of little one and to put 404 00:11:05,739 --> 00:11:05,749 thousands of little one and to put 405 00:11:05,749 --> 00:11:09,590 thousands of little one and to put craters around the area there is a hill 406 00:11:09,590 --> 00:11:09,600 craters around the area there is a hill 407 00:11:09,600 --> 00:11:14,110 craters around the area there is a hill and you just about on the ground track 408 00:11:14,110 --> 00:11:14,120 and you just about on the ground track 409 00:11:14,120 --> 00:11:17,540 and you just about on the ground track ahead of it difficult to estimate but 410 00:11:17,540 --> 00:11:17,550 ahead of it difficult to estimate but 411 00:11:17,550 --> 00:11:22,040 ahead of it difficult to estimate but despite the a half a mile and throughout 412 00:11:22,040 --> 00:11:22,050 despite the a half a mile and throughout 413 00:11:22,050 --> 00:11:24,860 despite the a half a mile and throughout the world there was renewed Duluth not 414 00:11:24,860 --> 00:11:24,870 the world there was renewed Duluth not 415 00:11:24,870 --> 00:11:27,949 the world there was renewed Duluth not just in American technology but in human 416 00:11:27,949 --> 00:11:27,959 just in American technology but in human 417 00:11:27,959 --> 00:11:30,390 just in American technology but in human abilities 418 00:11:30,390 --> 00:11:30,400 abilities 419 00:11:30,400 --> 00:11:33,210 abilities thus in the moon Sea of Tranquility a 420 00:11:33,210 --> 00:11:33,220 thus in the moon Sea of Tranquility a 421 00:11:33,220 --> 00:11:35,400 thus in the moon Sea of Tranquility a new chapter in the history of science 422 00:11:35,400 --> 00:11:35,410 new chapter in the history of science 423 00:11:35,410 --> 00:11:40,980 new chapter in the history of science was begun simultaneously a carefully 424 00:11:40,980 --> 00:11:40,990 was begun simultaneously a carefully 425 00:11:40,990 --> 00:11:42,720 was begun simultaneously a carefully developed in planned programme of 426 00:11:42,720 --> 00:11:42,730 developed in planned programme of 427 00:11:42,730 --> 00:11:44,790 developed in planned programme of scientific investigation was set in 428 00:11:44,790 --> 00:11:44,800 scientific investigation was set in 429 00:11:44,800 --> 00:11:48,470 scientific investigation was set in motion 430 00:11:48,470 --> 00:11:48,480 431 00:11:48,480 --> 00:11:50,990 there would be new information about the 432 00:11:50,990 --> 00:11:51,000 there would be new information about the 433 00:11:51,000 --> 00:11:53,569 there would be new information about the internal structure of the moon the 434 00:11:53,569 --> 00:11:53,579 internal structure of the moon the 435 00:11:53,579 --> 00:11:55,490 internal structure of the moon the chemical composition of the rocks and 436 00:11:55,490 --> 00:11:55,500 chemical composition of the rocks and 437 00:11:55,500 --> 00:11:58,970 chemical composition of the rocks and soil the dynamic processes at work and 438 00:11:58,970 --> 00:11:58,980 soil the dynamic processes at work and 439 00:11:58,980 --> 00:12:03,470 soil the dynamic processes at work and the ages of the materials scientists 440 00:12:03,470 --> 00:12:03,480 the ages of the materials scientists 441 00:12:03,480 --> 00:12:06,800 the ages of the materials scientists shared a great sense of excitement in 442 00:12:06,800 --> 00:12:06,810 shared a great sense of excitement in 443 00:12:06,810 --> 00:12:09,110 shared a great sense of excitement in the highest priority scientific 444 00:12:09,110 --> 00:12:09,120 the highest priority scientific 445 00:12:09,120 --> 00:12:11,480 the highest priority scientific undertaking the astronauts collected a 446 00:12:11,480 --> 00:12:11,490 undertaking the astronauts collected a 447 00:12:11,490 --> 00:12:13,040 undertaking the astronauts collected a selection of samples of the lunar 448 00:12:13,040 --> 00:12:13,050 selection of samples of the lunar 449 00:12:13,050 --> 00:12:15,670 selection of samples of the lunar surface the first extraterrestrial 450 00:12:15,670 --> 00:12:15,680 surface the first extraterrestrial 451 00:12:15,680 --> 00:12:18,079 surface the first extraterrestrial materials ever to be brought to work 452 00:12:18,079 --> 00:12:18,089 materials ever to be brought to work 453 00:12:18,089 --> 00:12:22,340 materials ever to be brought to work from a known context in an experience so 454 00:12:22,340 --> 00:12:22,350 from a known context in an experience so 455 00:12:22,350 --> 00:12:24,949 from a known context in an experience so new every fragment of information was of 456 00:12:24,949 --> 00:12:24,959 new every fragment of information was of 457 00:12:24,959 --> 00:12:30,019 new every fragment of information was of intense scientific interest define an 458 00:12:30,019 --> 00:12:30,029 intense scientific interest define an 459 00:12:30,029 --> 00:12:33,889 intense scientific interest define an artery I can pick it up loosely with my 460 00:12:33,889 --> 00:12:33,899 artery I can pick it up loosely with my 461 00:12:33,899 --> 00:12:39,530 artery I can pick it up loosely with my toe it says 'add here is fine layer like 462 00:12:39,530 --> 00:12:39,540 toe it says 'add here is fine layer like 463 00:12:39,540 --> 00:12:43,699 toe it says 'add here is fine layer like powdered charcoal to the full and size 464 00:12:43,699 --> 00:12:43,709 powdered charcoal to the full and size 465 00:12:43,709 --> 00:12:48,860 powdered charcoal to the full and size of my fruit I only go in a all action a 466 00:12:48,860 --> 00:12:48,870 of my fruit I only go in a all action a 467 00:12:48,870 --> 00:12:50,660 of my fruit I only go in a all action a maybe an eighth of an inch but I 468 00:12:50,660 --> 00:12:50,670 maybe an eighth of an inch but I 469 00:12:50,670 --> 00:12:55,220 maybe an eighth of an inch but I can see the footprints of my food from 470 00:12:55,220 --> 00:12:55,230 can see the footprints of my food from 471 00:12:55,230 --> 00:13:02,930 can see the footprints of my food from the trench and me fine antiparticle in 472 00:13:02,930 --> 00:13:02,940 the trench and me fine antiparticle in 473 00:13:02,940 --> 00:13:05,030 the trench and me fine antiparticle in the sentence of small craters the 474 00:13:05,030 --> 00:13:05,040 the sentence of small craters the 475 00:13:05,040 --> 00:13:07,160 the sentence of small craters the astronauts discovered strange features 476 00:13:07,160 --> 00:13:07,170 astronauts discovered strange features 477 00:13:07,170 --> 00:13:09,319 astronauts discovered strange features which looked much like splattered solder 478 00:13:09,319 --> 00:13:09,329 which looked much like splattered solder 479 00:13:09,329 --> 00:13:11,669 which looked much like splattered solder or glass 480 00:13:11,669 --> 00:13:11,679 or glass 481 00:13:11,679 --> 00:13:14,379 or glass the astronauts discovered rocks which 482 00:13:14,379 --> 00:13:14,389 the astronauts discovered rocks which 483 00:13:14,389 --> 00:13:16,150 the astronauts discovered rocks which had been hurled from neighboring crazies 484 00:13:16,150 --> 00:13:16,160 had been hurled from neighboring crazies 485 00:13:16,160 --> 00:13:18,819 had been hurled from neighboring crazies yet they saw no impact scars in a 486 00:13:18,819 --> 00:13:18,829 yet they saw no impact scars in a 487 00:13:18,829 --> 00:13:21,429 yet they saw no impact scars in a powdery surface for the rocks truck the 488 00:13:21,429 --> 00:13:21,439 powdery surface for the rocks truck the 489 00:13:21,439 --> 00:13:23,350 powdery surface for the rocks truck the scars had apparently been eroded away by 490 00:13:23,350 --> 00:13:23,360 scars had apparently been eroded away by 491 00:13:23,360 --> 00:13:27,039 scars had apparently been eroded away by an unknown process the astronauts set up 492 00:13:27,039 --> 00:13:27,049 an unknown process the astronauts set up 493 00:13:27,049 --> 00:13:29,350 an unknown process the astronauts set up an array of instruments in effect a 494 00:13:29,350 --> 00:13:29,360 an array of instruments in effect a 495 00:13:29,360 --> 00:13:31,720 an array of instruments in effect a miniature scientific station to return 496 00:13:31,720 --> 00:13:31,730 miniature scientific station to return 497 00:13:31,730 --> 00:13:33,579 miniature scientific station to return data to earth long after the men 498 00:13:33,579 --> 00:13:33,589 data to earth long after the men 499 00:13:33,589 --> 00:13:37,809 data to earth long after the men themselves had left one of the 500 00:13:37,809 --> 00:13:37,819 themselves had left one of the 501 00:13:37,819 --> 00:13:39,970 themselves had left one of the instruments relatively simple in concept 502 00:13:39,970 --> 00:13:39,980 instruments relatively simple in concept 503 00:13:39,980 --> 00:13:42,369 instruments relatively simple in concept was a reflecting device which would 504 00:13:42,369 --> 00:13:42,379 was a reflecting device which would 505 00:13:42,379 --> 00:13:44,289 was a reflecting device which would intercept a laser beam for Earth and 506 00:13:44,289 --> 00:13:44,299 intercept a laser beam for Earth and 507 00:13:44,299 --> 00:13:50,229 intercept a laser beam for Earth and send it back on itself measuring the 508 00:13:50,229 --> 00:13:50,239 send it back on itself measuring the 509 00:13:50,239 --> 00:13:51,910 send it back on itself measuring the time it took the beam to travel from the 510 00:13:51,910 --> 00:13:51,920 time it took the beam to travel from the 511 00:13:51,920 --> 00:13:54,220 time it took the beam to travel from the earth to the moon and back scientists 512 00:13:54,220 --> 00:13:54,230 earth to the moon and back scientists 513 00:13:54,230 --> 00:13:55,689 earth to the moon and back scientists could calculate the distance to the moon 514 00:13:55,689 --> 00:13:55,699 could calculate the distance to the moon 515 00:13:55,699 --> 00:13:59,109 could calculate the distance to the moon within a few inches they will be able to 516 00:13:59,109 --> 00:13:59,119 within a few inches they will be able to 517 00:13:59,119 --> 00:14:00,910 within a few inches they will be able to use such precise measurements in 518 00:14:00,910 --> 00:14:00,920 use such precise measurements in 519 00:14:00,920 --> 00:14:03,549 use such precise measurements in studying the earth for instance the 520 00:14:03,549 --> 00:14:03,559 studying the earth for instance the 521 00:14:03,559 --> 00:14:05,979 studying the earth for instance the variations in its rotation rate the 522 00:14:05,979 --> 00:14:05,989 variations in its rotation rate the 523 00:14:05,989 --> 00:14:08,739 variations in its rotation rate the wobble of its axis the drift of its 524 00:14:08,739 --> 00:14:08,749 wobble of its axis the drift of its 525 00:14:08,749 --> 00:14:12,030 wobble of its axis the drift of its continents 526 00:14:12,030 --> 00:14:12,040 527 00:14:12,040 --> 00:14:14,490 another of the devices was a seismometer 528 00:14:14,490 --> 00:14:14,500 another of the devices was a seismometer 529 00:14:14,500 --> 00:14:17,310 another of the devices was a seismometer an instrument which detects vibrations 530 00:14:17,310 --> 00:14:17,320 an instrument which detects vibrations 531 00:14:17,320 --> 00:14:19,920 an instrument which detects vibrations of the lunar surface the vibrations 532 00:14:19,920 --> 00:14:19,930 of the lunar surface the vibrations 533 00:14:19,930 --> 00:14:21,389 of the lunar surface the vibrations reflect something of the nature of the 534 00:14:21,389 --> 00:14:21,399 reflect something of the nature of the 535 00:14:21,399 --> 00:14:23,579 reflect something of the nature of the internal structure and energy release of 536 00:14:23,579 --> 00:14:23,589 internal structure and energy release of 537 00:14:23,589 --> 00:14:29,309 internal structure and energy release of the moon a few months later when Apollo 538 00:14:29,309 --> 00:14:29,319 the moon a few months later when Apollo 539 00:14:29,319 --> 00:14:31,920 the moon a few months later when Apollo 12 landed in the ocean of storms the 540 00:14:31,920 --> 00:14:31,930 12 landed in the ocean of storms the 541 00:14:31,930 --> 00:14:33,809 12 landed in the ocean of storms the astronauts given more time for 542 00:14:33,809 --> 00:14:33,819 astronauts given more time for 543 00:14:33,819 --> 00:14:36,120 astronauts given more time for scientific work on the surface were able 544 00:14:36,120 --> 00:14:36,130 scientific work on the surface were able 545 00:14:36,130 --> 00:14:38,370 scientific work on the surface were able to enlarge on all that the Apollo 11 546 00:14:38,370 --> 00:14:38,380 to enlarge on all that the Apollo 11 547 00:14:38,380 --> 00:14:40,710 to enlarge on all that the Apollo 11 astronauts had accomplished they were 548 00:14:40,710 --> 00:14:40,720 astronauts had accomplished they were 549 00:14:40,720 --> 00:14:43,590 astronauts had accomplished they were able to range farther collect morn that 550 00:14:43,590 --> 00:14:43,600 able to range farther collect morn that 551 00:14:43,600 --> 00:14:45,749 able to range farther collect morn that are documented samples and set up a 552 00:14:45,749 --> 00:14:45,759 are documented samples and set up a 553 00:14:45,759 --> 00:14:49,439 are documented samples and set up a larger scientific station the scientific 554 00:14:49,439 --> 00:14:49,449 larger scientific station the scientific 555 00:14:49,449 --> 00:14:51,449 larger scientific station the scientific exploration of the moon was now well 556 00:14:51,449 --> 00:14:51,459 exploration of the moon was now well 557 00:14:51,459 --> 00:14:57,180 exploration of the moon was now well underway the lunar materials returned to 558 00:14:57,180 --> 00:14:57,190 underway the lunar materials returned to 559 00:14:57,190 --> 00:15:00,030 underway the lunar materials returned to earth were met with high excitement more 560 00:15:00,030 --> 00:15:00,040 earth were met with high excitement more 561 00:15:00,040 --> 00:15:02,550 earth were met with high excitement more than 140 scientists from this country 562 00:15:02,550 --> 00:15:02,560 than 140 scientists from this country 563 00:15:02,560 --> 00:15:04,980 than 140 scientists from this country and abroad punished into painstaking and 564 00:15:04,980 --> 00:15:04,990 and abroad punished into painstaking and 565 00:15:04,990 --> 00:15:08,639 and abroad punished into painstaking and intensive investigation we're broadening 566 00:15:08,639 --> 00:15:08,649 intensive investigation we're broadening 567 00:15:08,649 --> 00:15:11,100 intensive investigation we're broadening our horizons we were never able to do 568 00:15:11,100 --> 00:15:11,110 our horizons we were never able to do 569 00:15:11,110 --> 00:15:14,309 our horizons we were never able to do that while the intense activity that 570 00:15:14,309 --> 00:15:14,319 that while the intense activity that 571 00:15:14,319 --> 00:15:15,689 that while the intense activity that took place on the surface of the earth 572 00:15:15,689 --> 00:15:15,699 took place on the surface of the earth 573 00:15:15,699 --> 00:15:18,689 took place on the surface of the earth when it was a young planet had wiped out 574 00:15:18,689 --> 00:15:18,699 when it was a young planet had wiped out 575 00:15:18,699 --> 00:15:20,490 when it was a young planet had wiped out the record of the first million years in 576 00:15:20,490 --> 00:15:20,500 the record of the first million years in 577 00:15:20,500 --> 00:15:23,579 the record of the first million years in his history the moon is now restored 578 00:15:23,579 --> 00:15:23,589 his history the moon is now restored 579 00:15:23,589 --> 00:15:25,949 his history the moon is now restored that missing record in Safari to related 580 00:15:25,949 --> 00:15:25,959 that missing record in Safari to related 581 00:15:25,959 --> 00:15:28,800 that missing record in Safari to related to the earth I think it had contact with 582 00:15:28,800 --> 00:15:28,810 to the earth I think it had contact with 583 00:15:28,810 --> 00:15:30,900 to the earth I think it had contact with the feelings of every person not merely 584 00:15:30,900 --> 00:15:30,910 the feelings of every person not merely 585 00:15:30,910 --> 00:15:32,790 the feelings of every person not merely the specialists regarding what are you 586 00:15:32,790 --> 00:15:32,800 the specialists regarding what are you 587 00:15:32,800 --> 00:15:36,769 the specialists regarding what are you doing here on the face of this planet 588 00:15:36,769 --> 00:15:36,779 589 00:15:36,779 --> 00:15:39,210 typical of the detailed efforts were 590 00:15:39,210 --> 00:15:39,220 typical of the detailed efforts were 591 00:15:39,220 --> 00:15:41,879 typical of the detailed efforts were studies with electron microscopes which 592 00:15:41,879 --> 00:15:41,889 studies with electron microscopes which 593 00:15:41,889 --> 00:15:44,100 studies with electron microscopes which produced magnifications up to 1 million 594 00:15:44,100 --> 00:15:44,110 produced magnifications up to 1 million 595 00:15:44,110 --> 00:15:53,040 produced magnifications up to 1 million times and more 596 00:15:53,040 --> 00:15:53,050 597 00:15:53,050 --> 00:15:56,109 for some of these studies samples were 598 00:15:56,109 --> 00:15:56,119 for some of these studies samples were 599 00:15:56,119 --> 00:15:57,819 for some of these studies samples were sectioned with a knife which has the 600 00:15:57,819 --> 00:15:57,829 sectioned with a knife which has the 601 00:15:57,829 --> 00:16:00,669 sectioned with a knife which has the sharpest edge known it can split a hare 602 00:16:00,669 --> 00:16:00,679 sharpest edge known it can split a hare 603 00:16:00,679 --> 00:16:09,489 sharpest edge known it can split a hare into 10,000 sections the scientists 604 00:16:09,489 --> 00:16:09,499 into 10,000 sections the scientists 605 00:16:09,499 --> 00:16:11,559 into 10,000 sections the scientists often felt a sense of wonder what they 606 00:16:11,559 --> 00:16:11,569 often felt a sense of wonder what they 607 00:16:11,569 --> 00:16:15,400 often felt a sense of wonder what they saw this dust which looks like gray 608 00:16:15,400 --> 00:16:15,410 saw this dust which looks like gray 609 00:16:15,410 --> 00:16:17,220 saw this dust which looks like gray material without interest has 610 00:16:17,220 --> 00:16:17,230 material without interest has 611 00:16:17,230 --> 00:16:19,749 material without interest has exceedingly beautiful and varied forms 612 00:16:19,749 --> 00:16:19,759 exceedingly beautiful and varied forms 613 00:16:19,759 --> 00:16:21,639 exceedingly beautiful and varied forms just from an aesthetic standpoint as 614 00:16:21,639 --> 00:16:21,649 just from an aesthetic standpoint as 615 00:16:21,649 --> 00:16:23,169 just from an aesthetic standpoint as well of course from a scientific 616 00:16:23,169 --> 00:16:23,179 well of course from a scientific 617 00:16:23,179 --> 00:16:24,699 well of course from a scientific standpoint when you put it under the 618 00:16:24,699 --> 00:16:24,709 standpoint when you put it under the 619 00:16:24,709 --> 00:16:26,679 standpoint when you put it under the microscope the material is just 620 00:16:26,679 --> 00:16:26,689 microscope the material is just 621 00:16:26,689 --> 00:16:28,749 microscope the material is just beautiful aesthetically and of course 622 00:16:28,749 --> 00:16:28,759 beautiful aesthetically and of course 623 00:16:28,759 --> 00:16:33,309 beautiful aesthetically and of course it's beautiful scientifically among the 624 00:16:33,309 --> 00:16:33,319 it's beautiful scientifically among the 625 00:16:33,319 --> 00:16:35,319 it's beautiful scientifically among the materials there are crystalline rocks 626 00:16:35,319 --> 00:16:35,329 materials there are crystalline rocks 627 00:16:35,329 --> 00:16:37,780 materials there are crystalline rocks clearly marked as igneous by bubble like 628 00:16:37,780 --> 00:16:37,790 clearly marked as igneous by bubble like 629 00:16:37,790 --> 00:16:40,780 clearly marked as igneous by bubble like cavities and by their chemistry they 630 00:16:40,780 --> 00:16:40,790 cavities and by their chemistry they 631 00:16:40,790 --> 00:16:42,639 cavities and by their chemistry they were crystallized from molten silicon 632 00:16:42,639 --> 00:16:42,649 were crystallized from molten silicon 633 00:16:42,649 --> 00:16:45,249 were crystallized from molten silicon material in a lunar Inferno with 634 00:16:45,249 --> 00:16:45,259 material in a lunar Inferno with 635 00:16:45,259 --> 00:16:47,350 material in a lunar Inferno with temperatures well over 2,000 degrees 636 00:16:47,350 --> 00:16:47,360 temperatures well over 2,000 degrees 637 00:16:47,360 --> 00:16:53,319 temperatures well over 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit there are other rocks which 638 00:16:53,319 --> 00:16:53,329 Fahrenheit there are other rocks which 639 00:16:53,329 --> 00:16:54,939 Fahrenheit there are other rocks which consist of fragments of the igneous 640 00:16:54,939 --> 00:16:54,949 consist of fragments of the igneous 641 00:16:54,949 --> 00:16:57,999 consist of fragments of the igneous rocks embedded in lunar soil call brick 642 00:16:57,999 --> 00:16:58,009 rocks embedded in lunar soil call brick 643 00:16:58,009 --> 00:17:00,429 rocks embedded in lunar soil call brick Sia's they were formed when meteorites 644 00:17:00,429 --> 00:17:00,439 Sia's they were formed when meteorites 645 00:17:00,439 --> 00:17:02,980 Sia's they were formed when meteorites impacted on the surface producing such 646 00:17:02,980 --> 00:17:02,990 impacted on the surface producing such 647 00:17:02,990 --> 00:17:05,079 impacted on the surface producing such tremendous pressures that rubble and 648 00:17:05,079 --> 00:17:05,089 tremendous pressures that rubble and 649 00:17:05,089 --> 00:17:12,699 tremendous pressures that rubble and soil were welded into solid rock both 650 00:17:12,699 --> 00:17:12,709 soil were welded into solid rock both 651 00:17:12,709 --> 00:17:14,919 soil were welded into solid rock both the igneous rocks and the breakfast fare 652 00:17:14,919 --> 00:17:14,929 the igneous rocks and the breakfast fare 653 00:17:14,929 --> 00:17:17,019 the igneous rocks and the breakfast fare clear witness to prolonged meteorite 654 00:17:17,019 --> 00:17:17,029 clear witness to prolonged meteorite 655 00:17:17,029 --> 00:17:20,079 clear witness to prolonged meteorite bombardment they have been rounded as if 656 00:17:20,079 --> 00:17:20,089 bombardment they have been rounded as if 657 00:17:20,089 --> 00:17:22,500 bombardment they have been rounded as if they had been severely sandblasted 658 00:17:22,500 --> 00:17:22,510 they had been severely sandblasted 659 00:17:22,510 --> 00:17:24,789 they had been severely sandblasted fitted where they have been struck by 660 00:17:24,789 --> 00:17:24,799 fitted where they have been struck by 661 00:17:24,799 --> 00:17:26,799 fitted where they have been struck by micro meteorites traveling with high 662 00:17:26,799 --> 00:17:26,809 micro meteorites traveling with high 663 00:17:26,809 --> 00:17:31,130 micro meteorites traveling with high velocity 664 00:17:31,130 --> 00:17:31,140 665 00:17:31,140 --> 00:17:36,480 and some coated with floss a material 666 00:17:36,480 --> 00:17:36,490 and some coated with floss a material 667 00:17:36,490 --> 00:17:38,130 and some coated with floss a material which had been melted and splashed by 668 00:17:38,130 --> 00:17:38,140 which had been melted and splashed by 669 00:17:38,140 --> 00:17:48,510 which had been melted and splashed by meteorite impact rocks from Apollo 11 670 00:17:48,510 --> 00:17:48,520 meteorite impact rocks from Apollo 11 671 00:17:48,520 --> 00:17:50,730 meteorite impact rocks from Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 are in some ways similar 672 00:17:50,730 --> 00:17:50,740 and Apollo 12 are in some ways similar 673 00:17:50,740 --> 00:17:53,220 and Apollo 12 are in some ways similar but there were important differences in 674 00:17:53,220 --> 00:17:53,230 but there were important differences in 675 00:17:53,230 --> 00:17:55,410 but there were important differences in chemistry mineral composition and 676 00:17:55,410 --> 00:17:55,420 chemistry mineral composition and 677 00:17:55,420 --> 00:17:58,560 chemistry mineral composition and texture further the minerals of the 678 00:17:58,560 --> 00:17:58,570 texture further the minerals of the 679 00:17:58,570 --> 00:18:00,600 texture further the minerals of the Apollo 11 rocks took on their present 680 00:18:00,600 --> 00:18:00,610 Apollo 11 rocks took on their present 681 00:18:00,610 --> 00:18:03,560 Apollo 11 rocks took on their present arrangement about 3.7 billion years ago 682 00:18:03,560 --> 00:18:03,570 arrangement about 3.7 billion years ago 683 00:18:03,570 --> 00:18:06,120 arrangement about 3.7 billion years ago the minerals of the Apollo 12 rocks 684 00:18:06,120 --> 00:18:06,130 the minerals of the Apollo 12 rocks 685 00:18:06,130 --> 00:18:10,410 the minerals of the Apollo 12 rocks about 3.3 or 3.4 billion years ago an 686 00:18:10,410 --> 00:18:10,420 about 3.3 or 3.4 billion years ago an 687 00:18:10,420 --> 00:18:12,630 about 3.3 or 3.4 billion years ago an indication of two different events 688 00:18:12,630 --> 00:18:12,640 indication of two different events 689 00:18:12,640 --> 00:18:14,790 indication of two different events separated by several hundred million 690 00:18:14,790 --> 00:18:14,800 separated by several hundred million 691 00:18:14,800 --> 00:18:17,850 separated by several hundred million years the ages were far greater than 692 00:18:17,850 --> 00:18:17,860 years the ages were far greater than 693 00:18:17,860 --> 00:18:20,520 years the ages were far greater than many expected it was probably during 694 00:18:20,520 --> 00:18:20,530 many expected it was probably during 695 00:18:20,530 --> 00:18:22,710 many expected it was probably during this time more than three billion years 696 00:18:22,710 --> 00:18:22,720 this time more than three billion years 697 00:18:22,720 --> 00:18:25,910 this time more than three billion years ago but the maurya basins were filmed 698 00:18:25,910 --> 00:18:25,920 ago but the maurya basins were filmed 699 00:18:25,920 --> 00:18:28,950 ago but the maurya basins were filmed while the Apollo 12 rocks were generally 700 00:18:28,950 --> 00:18:28,960 while the Apollo 12 rocks were generally 701 00:18:28,960 --> 00:18:31,050 while the Apollo 12 rocks were generally somewhat younger the collection did 702 00:18:31,050 --> 00:18:31,060 somewhat younger the collection did 703 00:18:31,060 --> 00:18:33,180 somewhat younger the collection did needled one unique and quite complicated 704 00:18:33,180 --> 00:18:33,190 needled one unique and quite complicated 705 00:18:33,190 --> 00:18:36,930 needled one unique and quite complicated rocks number 13 now famous in lunar 706 00:18:36,930 --> 00:18:36,940 rocks number 13 now famous in lunar 707 00:18:36,940 --> 00:18:40,380 rocks number 13 now famous in lunar science portions of rock 13 proved to be 708 00:18:40,380 --> 00:18:40,390 science portions of rock 13 proved to be 709 00:18:40,390 --> 00:18:43,980 science portions of rock 13 proved to be some 4.6 billion years old very nearly 710 00:18:43,980 --> 00:18:43,990 some 4.6 billion years old very nearly 711 00:18:43,990 --> 00:18:47,130 some 4.6 billion years old very nearly the age of the solar system itself this 712 00:18:47,130 --> 00:18:47,140 the age of the solar system itself this 713 00:18:47,140 --> 00:18:49,290 the age of the solar system itself this may be some indication of what to expect 714 00:18:49,290 --> 00:18:49,300 may be some indication of what to expect 715 00:18:49,300 --> 00:18:53,310 may be some indication of what to expect from the lunar Highlands another type of 716 00:18:53,310 --> 00:18:53,320 from the lunar Highlands another type of 717 00:18:53,320 --> 00:18:55,860 from the lunar Highlands another type of material is the lunar soil created 718 00:18:55,860 --> 00:18:55,870 material is the lunar soil created 719 00:18:55,870 --> 00:18:57,840 material is the lunar soil created apparently as rocks had been pulverized 720 00:18:57,840 --> 00:18:57,850 apparently as rocks had been pulverized 721 00:18:57,850 --> 00:19:01,530 apparently as rocks had been pulverized by bombardment one core tube sample from 722 00:19:01,530 --> 00:19:01,540 by bombardment one core tube sample from 723 00:19:01,540 --> 00:19:04,110 by bombardment one core tube sample from the Apollo 12 landing site showed the 724 00:19:04,110 --> 00:19:04,120 the Apollo 12 landing site showed the 725 00:19:04,120 --> 00:19:06,480 the Apollo 12 landing site showed the soil was stratified or layered with 726 00:19:06,480 --> 00:19:06,490 soil was stratified or layered with 727 00:19:06,490 --> 00:19:08,490 soil was stratified or layered with lighter and darker bands of material 728 00:19:08,490 --> 00:19:08,500 lighter and darker bands of material 729 00:19:08,500 --> 00:19:10,830 lighter and darker bands of material they even seem that one layer might have 730 00:19:10,830 --> 00:19:10,840 they even seem that one layer might have 731 00:19:10,840 --> 00:19:15,420 they even seem that one layer might have a mixture of volcanic ash under the 732 00:19:15,420 --> 00:19:15,430 a mixture of volcanic ash under the 733 00:19:15,430 --> 00:19:17,520 a mixture of volcanic ash under the microscope it can be seen that the soil 734 00:19:17,520 --> 00:19:17,530 microscope it can be seen that the soil 735 00:19:17,530 --> 00:19:19,940 microscope it can be seen that the soil consists of tiny fragments of rocks 736 00:19:19,940 --> 00:19:19,950 consists of tiny fragments of rocks 737 00:19:19,950 --> 00:19:22,350 consists of tiny fragments of rocks particles of glass and bits of 738 00:19:22,350 --> 00:19:22,360 particles of glass and bits of 739 00:19:22,360 --> 00:19:24,960 particles of glass and bits of meteorites even the soil shows evidence 740 00:19:24,960 --> 00:19:24,970 meteorites even the soil shows evidence 741 00:19:24,970 --> 00:19:27,810 meteorites even the soil shows evidence of bombardment some of the individual 742 00:19:27,810 --> 00:19:27,820 of bombardment some of the individual 743 00:19:27,820 --> 00:19:30,270 of bombardment some of the individual grains have been so pitted in fact that 744 00:19:30,270 --> 00:19:30,280 grains have been so pitted in fact that 745 00:19:30,280 --> 00:19:32,220 grains have been so pitted in fact that they look almost like tiny replicas of 746 00:19:32,220 --> 00:19:32,230 they look almost like tiny replicas of 747 00:19:32,230 --> 00:19:37,150 they look almost like tiny replicas of the moon itself 748 00:19:37,150 --> 00:19:37,160 749 00:19:37,160 --> 00:19:39,770 in examining the lunar soils and 750 00:19:39,770 --> 00:19:39,780 in examining the lunar soils and 751 00:19:39,780 --> 00:19:41,990 in examining the lunar soils and breakfast scientists have found an 752 00:19:41,990 --> 00:19:42,000 breakfast scientists have found an 753 00:19:42,000 --> 00:19:43,670 breakfast scientists have found an abundance of products of the solar wind 754 00:19:43,670 --> 00:19:43,680 abundance of products of the solar wind 755 00:19:43,680 --> 00:19:46,370 abundance of products of the solar wind the streams of particles flung off the 756 00:19:46,370 --> 00:19:46,380 the streams of particles flung off the 757 00:19:46,380 --> 00:19:53,390 the streams of particles flung off the Sun they have found in fact that if an 758 00:19:53,390 --> 00:19:53,400 Sun they have found in fact that if an 759 00:19:53,400 --> 00:19:55,220 Sun they have found in fact that if an ounce of lunar soil is heated to about 760 00:19:55,220 --> 00:19:55,230 ounce of lunar soil is heated to about 761 00:19:55,230 --> 00:19:57,500 ounce of lunar soil is heated to about 1,800 degrees Fahrenheit at an 762 00:19:57,500 --> 00:19:57,510 1,800 degrees Fahrenheit at an 763 00:19:57,510 --> 00:19:59,240 1,800 degrees Fahrenheit at an atmospheric pressure equal to that at 764 00:19:59,240 --> 00:19:59,250 atmospheric pressure equal to that at 765 00:19:59,250 --> 00:20:02,090 atmospheric pressure equal to that at sea level about 12 cubic inches of gas 766 00:20:02,090 --> 00:20:02,100 sea level about 12 cubic inches of gas 767 00:20:02,100 --> 00:20:04,460 sea level about 12 cubic inches of gas will be produced primarily hydrogen 768 00:20:04,460 --> 00:20:04,470 will be produced primarily hydrogen 769 00:20:04,470 --> 00:20:08,000 will be produced primarily hydrogen helium directly from the Sun it is 770 00:20:08,000 --> 00:20:08,010 helium directly from the Sun it is 771 00:20:08,010 --> 00:20:10,640 helium directly from the Sun it is possible using the moon materials to go 772 00:20:10,640 --> 00:20:10,650 possible using the moon materials to go 773 00:20:10,650 --> 00:20:13,510 possible using the moon materials to go back and trace the behavior of the Sun 774 00:20:13,510 --> 00:20:13,520 back and trace the behavior of the Sun 775 00:20:13,520 --> 00:20:15,620 back and trace the behavior of the Sun almost back to the beginning of the 776 00:20:15,620 --> 00:20:15,630 almost back to the beginning of the 777 00:20:15,630 --> 00:20:18,050 almost back to the beginning of the solar system the interesting part about 778 00:20:18,050 --> 00:20:18,060 solar system the interesting part about 779 00:20:18,060 --> 00:20:20,390 solar system the interesting part about the solar wind is that it represents the 780 00:20:20,390 --> 00:20:20,400 the solar wind is that it represents the 781 00:20:20,400 --> 00:20:23,150 the solar wind is that it represents the actual stuff of the Sun as if you had in 782 00:20:23,150 --> 00:20:23,160 actual stuff of the Sun as if you had in 783 00:20:23,160 --> 00:20:25,610 actual stuff of the Sun as if you had in your hands you're able to dip into the 784 00:20:25,610 --> 00:20:25,620 your hands you're able to dip into the 785 00:20:25,620 --> 00:20:28,130 your hands you're able to dip into the Sun and reach out and take this material 786 00:20:28,130 --> 00:20:28,140 Sun and reach out and take this material 787 00:20:28,140 --> 00:20:31,940 Sun and reach out and take this material and bring it back to your laboratory the 788 00:20:31,940 --> 00:20:31,950 and bring it back to your laboratory the 789 00:20:31,950 --> 00:20:33,740 and bring it back to your laboratory the lunar materials have also been closely 790 00:20:33,740 --> 00:20:33,750 lunar materials have also been closely 791 00:20:33,750 --> 00:20:36,170 lunar materials have also been closely searched for any trace of life or even 792 00:20:36,170 --> 00:20:36,180 searched for any trace of life or even 793 00:20:36,180 --> 00:20:38,600 searched for any trace of life or even for any materials with organic contents 794 00:20:38,600 --> 00:20:38,610 for any materials with organic contents 795 00:20:38,610 --> 00:20:40,550 for any materials with organic contents it has been a search which the 796 00:20:40,550 --> 00:20:40,560 it has been a search which the 797 00:20:40,560 --> 00:20:42,290 it has been a search which the scientists have so far found to be 798 00:20:42,290 --> 00:20:42,300 scientists have so far found to be 799 00:20:42,300 --> 00:20:49,590 scientists have so far found to be fruitless 800 00:20:49,590 --> 00:20:49,600 801 00:20:49,600 --> 00:20:51,570 scientists have found the results more 802 00:20:51,570 --> 00:20:51,580 scientists have found the results more 803 00:20:51,580 --> 00:20:53,970 scientists have found the results more interesting however when earth organisms 804 00:20:53,970 --> 00:20:53,980 interesting however when earth organisms 805 00:20:53,980 --> 00:20:57,150 interesting however when earth organisms have been exposed to lunar materials of 806 00:20:57,150 --> 00:20:57,160 have been exposed to lunar materials of 807 00:20:57,160 --> 00:21:00,930 have been exposed to lunar materials of the variety of biological systems that 808 00:21:00,930 --> 00:21:00,940 the variety of biological systems that 809 00:21:00,940 --> 00:21:03,990 the variety of biological systems that we tested with the lunar material the 810 00:21:03,990 --> 00:21:04,000 we tested with the lunar material the 811 00:21:04,000 --> 00:21:06,570 we tested with the lunar material the plants were most unique in their 812 00:21:06,570 --> 00:21:06,580 plants were most unique in their 813 00:21:06,580 --> 00:21:09,870 plants were most unique in their response for example the five jars of 814 00:21:09,870 --> 00:21:09,880 response for example the five jars of 815 00:21:09,880 --> 00:21:12,659 response for example the five jars of liverworts you see illustrated on the 816 00:21:12,659 --> 00:21:12,669 liverworts you see illustrated on the 817 00:21:12,669 --> 00:21:16,110 liverworts you see illustrated on the top gave much increased growth in the 818 00:21:16,110 --> 00:21:16,120 top gave much increased growth in the 819 00:21:16,120 --> 00:21:18,810 top gave much increased growth in the presence of lunar material this effect 820 00:21:18,810 --> 00:21:18,820 presence of lunar material this effect 821 00:21:18,820 --> 00:21:21,630 presence of lunar material this effect was noted for ferns a number of tissue 822 00:21:21,630 --> 00:21:21,640 was noted for ferns a number of tissue 823 00:21:21,640 --> 00:21:24,049 was noted for ferns a number of tissue cultures such as tobacco and corn and 824 00:21:24,049 --> 00:21:24,059 cultures such as tobacco and corn and 825 00:21:24,059 --> 00:21:26,580 cultures such as tobacco and corn and certain higher plant species such as 826 00:21:26,580 --> 00:21:26,590 certain higher plant species such as 827 00:21:26,590 --> 00:21:29,909 certain higher plant species such as lettuce now the exact reasons for this 828 00:21:29,909 --> 00:21:29,919 lettuce now the exact reasons for this 829 00:21:29,919 --> 00:21:32,549 lettuce now the exact reasons for this beneficial response are unknown at the 830 00:21:32,549 --> 00:21:32,559 beneficial response are unknown at the 831 00:21:32,559 --> 00:21:36,600 beneficial response are unknown at the present however it is likely that some 832 00:21:36,600 --> 00:21:36,610 present however it is likely that some 833 00:21:36,610 --> 00:21:40,770 present however it is likely that some trace mineral or perhaps even a physical 834 00:21:40,770 --> 00:21:40,780 trace mineral or perhaps even a physical 835 00:21:40,780 --> 00:21:42,890 trace mineral or perhaps even a physical property of the lunar material is 836 00:21:42,890 --> 00:21:42,900 property of the lunar material is 837 00:21:42,900 --> 00:21:45,360 property of the lunar material is interacting with the minerals we furnish 838 00:21:45,360 --> 00:21:45,370 interacting with the minerals we furnish 839 00:21:45,370 --> 00:21:48,240 interacting with the minerals we furnish to give a more desirable medium for 840 00:21:48,240 --> 00:21:48,250 to give a more desirable medium for 841 00:21:48,250 --> 00:21:51,180 to give a more desirable medium for plant growth this is a very exciting 842 00:21:51,180 --> 00:21:51,190 plant growth this is a very exciting 843 00:21:51,190 --> 00:21:53,789 plant growth this is a very exciting discovery and one that was totally 844 00:21:53,789 --> 00:21:53,799 discovery and one that was totally 845 00:21:53,799 --> 00:21:56,850 discovery and one that was totally unexpected in the tests conducted in the 846 00:21:56,850 --> 00:21:56,860 unexpected in the tests conducted in the 847 00:21:56,860 --> 00:22:02,159 unexpected in the tests conducted in the lunar receiving laboratory the flood of 848 00:22:02,159 --> 00:22:02,169 lunar receiving laboratory the flood of 849 00:22:02,169 --> 00:22:04,260 lunar receiving laboratory the flood of information derived lunar materials 850 00:22:04,260 --> 00:22:04,270 information derived lunar materials 851 00:22:04,270 --> 00:22:06,930 information derived lunar materials alone or required decades to interpret 852 00:22:06,930 --> 00:22:06,940 alone or required decades to interpret 853 00:22:06,940 --> 00:22:12,419 alone or required decades to interpret fully in the meantime however still more 854 00:22:12,419 --> 00:22:12,429 fully in the meantime however still more 855 00:22:12,429 --> 00:22:14,039 fully in the meantime however still more information is flowing in from the 856 00:22:14,039 --> 00:22:14,049 information is flowing in from the 857 00:22:14,049 --> 00:22:15,720 information is flowing in from the scientific instruments set up by the 858 00:22:15,720 --> 00:22:15,730 scientific instruments set up by the 859 00:22:15,730 --> 00:22:18,480 scientific instruments set up by the astronauts scientists receive one of 860 00:22:18,480 --> 00:22:18,490 astronauts scientists receive one of 861 00:22:18,490 --> 00:22:20,310 astronauts scientists receive one of their biggest surprises when the Apollo 862 00:22:20,310 --> 00:22:20,320 their biggest surprises when the Apollo 863 00:22:20,320 --> 00:22:22,649 their biggest surprises when the Apollo 12 seismometer told the story of how the 864 00:22:22,649 --> 00:22:22,659 12 seismometer told the story of how the 865 00:22:22,659 --> 00:22:24,899 12 seismometer told the story of how the moon vibrated when it was struck by the 866 00:22:24,899 --> 00:22:24,909 moon vibrated when it was struck by the 867 00:22:24,909 --> 00:22:28,740 moon vibrated when it was struck by the astronauts abandoned lunar module it is 868 00:22:28,740 --> 00:22:28,750 astronauts abandoned lunar module it is 869 00:22:28,750 --> 00:22:32,580 astronauts abandoned lunar module it is as though one had struck a belt in the 870 00:22:32,580 --> 00:22:32,590 as though one had struck a belt in the 871 00:22:32,590 --> 00:22:35,850 as though one had struck a belt in the belfry of the church a single blow and 872 00:22:35,850 --> 00:22:35,860 belfry of the church a single blow and 873 00:22:35,860 --> 00:22:38,279 belfry of the church a single blow and found that the reverberation from it 874 00:22:38,279 --> 00:22:38,289 found that the reverberation from it 875 00:22:38,289 --> 00:22:41,610 found that the reverberation from it continued for 30 minutes thus it will 876 00:22:41,610 --> 00:22:41,620 continued for 30 minutes thus it will 877 00:22:41,620 --> 00:22:43,440 continued for 30 minutes thus it will seem to indicate that the energy of the 878 00:22:43,440 --> 00:22:43,450 seem to indicate that the energy of the 879 00:22:43,450 --> 00:22:46,409 seem to indicate that the energy of the impact scattered greatly on one hand but 880 00:22:46,409 --> 00:22:46,419 impact scattered greatly on one hand but 881 00:22:46,419 --> 00:22:48,260 impact scattered greatly on one hand but had a prolonged duration on the other 882 00:22:48,260 --> 00:22:48,270 had a prolonged duration on the other 883 00:22:48,270 --> 00:22:50,880 had a prolonged duration on the other such a combination of characteristics 884 00:22:50,880 --> 00:22:50,890 such a combination of characteristics 885 00:22:50,890 --> 00:22:53,390 such a combination of characteristics simply does not occur on earth 886 00:22:53,390 --> 00:22:53,400 simply does not occur on earth 887 00:22:53,400 --> 00:22:56,010 simply does not occur on earth subsequently signals of a similar nature 888 00:22:56,010 --> 00:22:56,020 subsequently signals of a similar nature 889 00:22:56,020 --> 00:22:58,350 subsequently signals of a similar nature will receive from other impacts both 890 00:22:58,350 --> 00:22:58,360 will receive from other impacts both 891 00:22:58,360 --> 00:23:02,640 will receive from other impacts both natural and man-made 892 00:23:02,640 --> 00:23:02,650 893 00:23:02,650 --> 00:23:05,530 after analyzing signals recorded over 894 00:23:05,530 --> 00:23:05,540 after analyzing signals recorded over 895 00:23:05,540 --> 00:23:07,480 after analyzing signals recorded over several months scientists also 896 00:23:07,480 --> 00:23:07,490 several months scientists also 897 00:23:07,490 --> 00:23:10,180 several months scientists also discovered evidence of moonquakes these 898 00:23:10,180 --> 00:23:10,190 discovered evidence of moonquakes these 899 00:23:10,190 --> 00:23:12,130 discovered evidence of moonquakes these occurred each time the moon pass through 900 00:23:12,130 --> 00:23:12,140 occurred each time the moon pass through 901 00:23:12,140 --> 00:23:13,810 occurred each time the moon pass through the point of its orbit closest to Earth 902 00:23:13,810 --> 00:23:13,820 the point of its orbit closest to Earth 903 00:23:13,820 --> 00:23:15,670 the point of its orbit closest to Earth when there was maximum gravitational 904 00:23:15,670 --> 00:23:15,680 when there was maximum gravitational 905 00:23:15,680 --> 00:23:18,030 when there was maximum gravitational attraction between the two bodies 906 00:23:18,030 --> 00:23:18,040 attraction between the two bodies 907 00:23:18,040 --> 00:23:20,470 attraction between the two bodies apparently the attraction triggered the 908 00:23:20,470 --> 00:23:20,480 apparently the attraction triggered the 909 00:23:20,480 --> 00:23:22,600 apparently the attraction triggered the quakes and they were possibly a volcanic 910 00:23:22,600 --> 00:23:22,610 quakes and they were possibly a volcanic 911 00:23:22,610 --> 00:23:27,190 quakes and they were possibly a volcanic origin so far however the seismometer 912 00:23:27,190 --> 00:23:27,200 origin so far however the seismometer 913 00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:28,900 origin so far however the seismometer detected those signals that would 914 00:23:28,900 --> 00:23:28,910 detected those signals that would 915 00:23:28,910 --> 00:23:31,000 detected those signals that would indicate events originating deep within 916 00:23:31,000 --> 00:23:31,010 indicate events originating deep within 917 00:23:31,010 --> 00:23:33,580 indicate events originating deep within the moon such events occur frequently 918 00:23:33,580 --> 00:23:33,590 the moon such events occur frequently 919 00:23:33,590 --> 00:23:38,770 the moon such events occur frequently under the upshot is that the main of the 920 00:23:38,770 --> 00:23:38,780 under the upshot is that the main of the 921 00:23:38,780 --> 00:23:42,190 under the upshot is that the main of the signals is far from understood from 922 00:23:42,190 --> 00:23:42,200 signals is far from understood from 923 00:23:42,200 --> 00:23:44,230 signals is far from understood from other instruments scientists are 924 00:23:44,230 --> 00:23:44,240 other instruments scientists are 925 00:23:44,240 --> 00:23:46,800 other instruments scientists are harvesting rich new information on the 926 00:23:46,800 --> 00:23:46,810 harvesting rich new information on the 927 00:23:46,810 --> 00:23:49,090 harvesting rich new information on the magnetic fields of the moon and the 928 00:23:49,090 --> 00:23:49,100 magnetic fields of the moon and the 929 00:23:49,100 --> 00:23:52,780 magnetic fields of the moon and the earth they extremely thin atmosphere of 930 00:23:52,780 --> 00:23:52,790 earth they extremely thin atmosphere of 931 00:23:52,790 --> 00:23:55,690 earth they extremely thin atmosphere of the moon the rate at which particle 932 00:23:55,690 --> 00:23:55,700 the moon the rate at which particle 933 00:23:55,700 --> 00:23:59,830 the moon the rate at which particle stream away from the Sun for a long time 934 00:23:59,830 --> 00:23:59,840 stream away from the Sun for a long time 935 00:23:59,840 --> 00:24:02,170 stream away from the Sun for a long time to come scientists will be putting bits 936 00:24:02,170 --> 00:24:02,180 to come scientists will be putting bits 937 00:24:02,180 --> 00:24:04,450 to come scientists will be putting bits and pieces together searching out the 938 00:24:04,450 --> 00:24:04,460 and pieces together searching out the 939 00:24:04,460 --> 00:24:07,300 and pieces together searching out the answers to a long list of questions but 940 00:24:07,300 --> 00:24:07,310 answers to a long list of questions but 941 00:24:07,310 --> 00:24:09,220 answers to a long list of questions but already certain parts of the whole 942 00:24:09,220 --> 00:24:09,230 already certain parts of the whole 943 00:24:09,230 --> 00:24:12,540 already certain parts of the whole picture are beginning to take shape and 944 00:24:12,540 --> 00:24:12,550 picture are beginning to take shape and 945 00:24:12,550 --> 00:24:15,670 picture are beginning to take shape and the moon is by far our more interesting 946 00:24:15,670 --> 00:24:15,680 the moon is by far our more interesting 947 00:24:15,680 --> 00:24:20,910 the moon is by far our more interesting and complex body than ever anticipated 948 00:24:20,910 --> 00:24:20,920 949 00:24:20,920 --> 00:24:23,410 although every current theory about the 950 00:24:23,410 --> 00:24:23,420 although every current theory about the 951 00:24:23,420 --> 00:24:26,560 although every current theory about the moon's origin has major flaws it does 952 00:24:26,560 --> 00:24:26,570 moon's origin has major flaws it does 953 00:24:26,570 --> 00:24:28,660 moon's origin has major flaws it does seem probable with the major events in a 954 00:24:28,660 --> 00:24:28,670 seem probable with the major events in a 955 00:24:28,670 --> 00:24:30,400 seem probable with the major events in a formation and evolution of the moon 956 00:24:30,400 --> 00:24:30,410 formation and evolution of the moon 957 00:24:30,410 --> 00:24:33,160 formation and evolution of the moon occurred early in its history and that 958 00:24:33,160 --> 00:24:33,170 occurred early in its history and that 959 00:24:33,170 --> 00:24:34,630 occurred early in its history and that relatively little has happened since 960 00:24:34,630 --> 00:24:34,640 relatively little has happened since 961 00:24:34,640 --> 00:24:37,750 relatively little has happened since then one indication of this is the far 962 00:24:37,750 --> 00:24:37,760 then one indication of this is the far 963 00:24:37,760 --> 00:24:39,460 then one indication of this is the far greater frequency of craters in the 964 00:24:39,460 --> 00:24:39,470 greater frequency of craters in the 965 00:24:39,470 --> 00:24:41,680 greater frequency of craters in the highlands and in amariah which are 966 00:24:41,680 --> 00:24:41,690 highlands and in amariah which are 967 00:24:41,690 --> 00:24:44,380 highlands and in amariah which are themselves very old and it means the 968 00:24:44,380 --> 00:24:44,390 themselves very old and it means the 969 00:24:44,390 --> 00:24:46,630 themselves very old and it means the moon may hold records of events which 970 00:24:46,630 --> 00:24:46,640 moon may hold records of events which 971 00:24:46,640 --> 00:24:47,950 moon may hold records of events which have long since been obliterated 972 00:24:47,950 --> 00:24:47,960 have long since been obliterated 973 00:24:47,960 --> 00:24:53,080 have long since been obliterated four-month by erosion structurally the 974 00:24:53,080 --> 00:24:53,090 four-month by erosion structurally the 975 00:24:53,090 --> 00:24:55,180 four-month by erosion structurally the moon compared with you earth is an 976 00:24:55,180 --> 00:24:55,190 moon compared with you earth is an 977 00:24:55,190 --> 00:24:57,970 moon compared with you earth is an extremely strong and rigid body as it 978 00:24:57,970 --> 00:24:57,980 extremely strong and rigid body as it 979 00:24:57,980 --> 00:24:59,470 extremely strong and rigid body as it would have to be to support the great 980 00:24:59,470 --> 00:24:59,480 would have to be to support the great 981 00:24:59,480 --> 00:25:03,190 would have to be to support the great mass concentrations mass Connors so near 982 00:25:03,190 --> 00:25:03,200 mass concentrations mass Connors so near 983 00:25:03,200 --> 00:25:06,400 mass concentrations mass Connors so near the surface 984 00:25:06,400 --> 00:25:06,410 985 00:25:06,410 --> 00:25:08,630 scientists have seen that great heating 986 00:25:08,630 --> 00:25:08,640 scientists have seen that great heating 987 00:25:08,640 --> 00:25:10,460 scientists have seen that great heating has played a major role in shaping the 988 00:25:10,460 --> 00:25:10,470 has played a major role in shaping the 989 00:25:10,470 --> 00:25:13,820 has played a major role in shaping the moon's face in fact the Mario basins 990 00:25:13,820 --> 00:25:13,830 moon's face in fact the Mario basins 991 00:25:13,830 --> 00:25:17,299 moon's face in fact the Mario basins were filled with the lava flows they 992 00:25:17,299 --> 00:25:17,309 were filled with the lava flows they 993 00:25:17,309 --> 00:25:19,490 were filled with the lava flows they have also seen that impact has played a 994 00:25:19,490 --> 00:25:19,500 have also seen that impact has played a 995 00:25:19,500 --> 00:25:23,289 have also seen that impact has played a major role both on a gigantic scale and 996 00:25:23,289 --> 00:25:23,299 major role both on a gigantic scale and 997 00:25:23,299 --> 00:25:29,900 major role both on a gigantic scale and on a microscopic scale contrary to what 998 00:25:29,900 --> 00:25:29,910 on a microscopic scale contrary to what 999 00:25:29,910 --> 00:25:31,970 on a microscopic scale contrary to what many expected there has been no evidence 1000 00:25:31,970 --> 00:25:31,980 many expected there has been no evidence 1001 00:25:31,980 --> 00:25:36,230 many expected there has been no evidence of water and as most expected there has 1002 00:25:36,230 --> 00:25:36,240 of water and as most expected there has 1003 00:25:36,240 --> 00:25:38,539 of water and as most expected there has been no trace of life and there seems 1004 00:25:38,539 --> 00:25:38,549 been no trace of life and there seems 1005 00:25:38,549 --> 00:25:41,810 been no trace of life and there seems little chance of finding any but as 1006 00:25:41,810 --> 00:25:41,820 little chance of finding any but as 1007 00:25:41,820 --> 00:25:43,789 little chance of finding any but as often happens in science the 1008 00:25:43,789 --> 00:25:43,799 often happens in science the 1009 00:25:43,799 --> 00:25:45,919 often happens in science the investigation so far have raised more 1010 00:25:45,919 --> 00:25:45,929 investigation so far have raised more 1011 00:25:45,929 --> 00:25:47,270 investigation so far have raised more questions than they have provided 1012 00:25:47,270 --> 00:25:47,280 questions than they have provided 1013 00:25:47,280 --> 00:25:50,480 questions than they have provided answers for instance what is the 1014 00:25:50,480 --> 00:25:50,490 answers for instance what is the 1015 00:25:50,490 --> 00:25:53,330 answers for instance what is the interior of the moon like what is the 1016 00:25:53,330 --> 00:25:53,340 interior of the moon like what is the 1017 00:25:53,340 --> 00:25:54,740 interior of the moon like what is the source of the heat that produced the 1018 00:25:54,740 --> 00:25:54,750 source of the heat that produced the 1019 00:25:54,750 --> 00:25:57,620 source of the heat that produced the lava was it produced in some way and the 1020 00:25:57,620 --> 00:25:57,630 lava was it produced in some way and the 1021 00:25:57,630 --> 00:26:00,409 lava was it produced in some way and the interior of the moon or was it generated 1022 00:26:00,409 --> 00:26:00,419 interior of the moon or was it generated 1023 00:26:00,419 --> 00:26:03,890 interior of the moon or was it generated by meteoroid impacts what lies behind 1024 00:26:03,890 --> 00:26:03,900 by meteoroid impacts what lies behind 1025 00:26:03,900 --> 00:26:05,750 by meteoroid impacts what lies behind the fact that it is the side of the moon 1026 00:26:05,750 --> 00:26:05,760 the fact that it is the side of the moon 1027 00:26:05,760 --> 00:26:07,850 the fact that it is the side of the moon with the maurya basis that faces us on 1028 00:26:07,850 --> 00:26:07,860 with the maurya basis that faces us on 1029 00:26:07,860 --> 00:26:13,210 with the maurya basis that faces us on earth 1030 00:26:13,210 --> 00:26:13,220 1031 00:26:13,220 --> 00:26:15,800 what in the tail are the relative 1032 00:26:15,800 --> 00:26:15,810 what in the tail are the relative 1033 00:26:15,810 --> 00:26:17,540 what in the tail are the relative differences between the highlands and 1034 00:26:17,540 --> 00:26:17,550 differences between the highlands and 1035 00:26:17,550 --> 00:26:20,690 differences between the highlands and the maurya and the question one always 1036 00:26:20,690 --> 00:26:20,700 the maurya and the question one always 1037 00:26:20,700 --> 00:26:25,190 the maurya and the question one always returns to how was the moon created in 1038 00:26:25,190 --> 00:26:25,200 returns to how was the moon created in 1039 00:26:25,200 --> 00:26:27,650 returns to how was the moon created in essence the scientific investigation of 1040 00:26:27,650 --> 00:26:27,660 essence the scientific investigation of 1041 00:26:27,660 --> 00:26:29,180 essence the scientific investigation of the moon is one of the great 1042 00:26:29,180 --> 00:26:29,190 the moon is one of the great 1043 00:26:29,190 --> 00:26:34,840 the moon is one of the great intellectual adventures of our time and 1044 00:26:34,840 --> 00:26:34,850 intellectual adventures of our time and 1045 00:26:34,850 --> 00:26:37,670 intellectual adventures of our time and a major chapter was written at the first 1046 00:26:37,670 --> 00:26:37,680 a major chapter was written at the first 1047 00:26:37,680 --> 00:26:39,980 a major chapter was written at the first conference for lunar science early in 1048 00:26:39,980 --> 00:26:39,990 conference for lunar science early in 1049 00:26:39,990 --> 00:26:43,280 conference for lunar science early in the year nineteen seventy well we've 1050 00:26:43,280 --> 00:26:43,290 the year nineteen seventy well we've 1051 00:26:43,290 --> 00:26:44,690 the year nineteen seventy well we've come an awful long way and I think we've 1052 00:26:44,690 --> 00:26:44,700 come an awful long way and I think we've 1053 00:26:44,700 --> 00:26:46,010 come an awful long way and I think we've learned some very interesting things but 1054 00:26:46,010 --> 00:26:46,020 learned some very interesting things but 1055 00:26:46,020 --> 00:26:49,040 learned some very interesting things but there's still an enormous amount first 1056 00:26:49,040 --> 00:26:49,050 there's still an enormous amount first 1057 00:26:49,050 --> 00:26:50,420 there's still an enormous amount first to learn about the moon before we fully 1058 00:26:50,420 --> 00:26:50,430 to learn about the moon before we fully 1059 00:26:50,430 --> 00:26:52,940 to learn about the moon before we fully understand it when we go to the 1060 00:26:52,940 --> 00:26:52,950 understand it when we go to the 1061 00:26:52,950 --> 00:26:54,850 understand it when we go to the Highlands we will go to the Highlands 1062 00:26:54,850 --> 00:26:54,860 Highlands we will go to the Highlands 1063 00:26:54,860 --> 00:26:57,470 Highlands we will go to the Highlands that they're going to be even more 1064 00:26:57,470 --> 00:26:57,480 that they're going to be even more 1065 00:26:57,480 --> 00:26:59,630 that they're going to be even more interesting from this point of view of 1066 00:26:59,630 --> 00:26:59,640 interesting from this point of view of 1067 00:26:59,640 --> 00:27:01,190 interesting from this point of view of the fundamental history of the solar 1068 00:27:01,190 --> 00:27:01,200 the fundamental history of the solar 1069 00:27:01,200 --> 00:27:03,530 the fundamental history of the solar system then the parts that we have 1070 00:27:03,530 --> 00:27:03,540 system then the parts that we have 1071 00:27:03,540 --> 00:27:06,230 system then the parts that we have already visited it is only through the 1072 00:27:06,230 --> 00:27:06,240 already visited it is only through the 1073 00:27:06,240 --> 00:27:07,940 already visited it is only through the understanding of the interior of this 1074 00:27:07,940 --> 00:27:07,950 understanding of the interior of this 1075 00:27:07,950 --> 00:27:10,400 understanding of the interior of this planet that we begin to start to 1076 00:27:10,400 --> 00:27:10,410 planet that we begin to start to 1077 00:27:10,410 --> 00:27:12,500 planet that we begin to start to understand some of the processes that we 1078 00:27:12,500 --> 00:27:12,510 understand some of the processes that we 1079 00:27:12,510 --> 00:27:16,850 understand some of the processes that we see on the surface of years in fact we 1080 00:27:16,850 --> 00:27:16,860 see on the surface of years in fact we 1081 00:27:16,860 --> 00:27:18,830 see on the surface of years in fact we are taking a step in our understanding 1082 00:27:18,830 --> 00:27:18,840 are taking a step in our understanding 1083 00:27:18,840 --> 00:27:21,290 are taking a step in our understanding of the solar system and the earth that 1084 00:27:21,290 --> 00:27:21,300 of the solar system and the earth that 1085 00:27:21,300 --> 00:27:23,270 of the solar system and the earth that is comparable to the one taken by 1086 00:27:23,270 --> 00:27:23,280 is comparable to the one taken by 1087 00:27:23,280 --> 00:27:25,460 is comparable to the one taken by Galileo when he first pointed the 1088 00:27:25,460 --> 00:27:25,470 Galileo when he first pointed the 1089 00:27:25,470 --> 00:27:31,930 Galileo when he first pointed the telescope at the moon 1090 00:27:31,930 --> 00:27:31,940 1091 00:27:31,940 --> 00:27:35,299 this has been a special report brought 1092 00:27:35,299 --> 00:27:35,309 this has been a special report brought 1093 00:27:35,309 --> 00:27:37,729 this has been a special report brought to you by nasa the national aeronautics 1094 00:27:37,729 --> 00:27:37,739 to you by nasa the national aeronautics 1095 00:27:37,739 --> 00:27:40,429 to you by nasa the national aeronautics and space administration